Life and Death in the Fast Lane: Demographic Consequences of Road Mortality in the Florida Scrub-Jay

نویسندگان

  • RONALD L. MUMME
  • STEPHAN J. SCHOECH
  • GLEN E. WOOLFENDEN
  • JOHN W. FITZPATRICK
چکیده

We examined the demographic consequences of road mortality in the cooperatively breeding Florida Scrub-Jay ( Aphelocoma coerulescens ), a threatened species restricted to the oak scrub of peninsular Florida. Between May 1986 and July 1995 we monitored the survival and reproductive success of a color-banded population of jays along a two-lane highway at Archbold Biological Station. Annual mortality of breeding adults was 0.38 on road territories, significantly higher than the rate of 0.23 for breeders on nonroad territories. High mortality on road territories appeared to be a direct result of automobile traffic per se and not a consequence of road-induced changes in habitat characteristics. Mortality was especially high for immigrants without previous experience living along the road: in their first two years as breeders on road territories, naive immigrants experienced annual mortality of 0.50 and 0.45. From year 3 onward, however, annual mortality dropped to 0.29, not significantly different from the rate for birds on nonroad territories. This experience-dependent decline in road mortality could be caused either by surviving jays learning to avoid automobiles or by selective mortality operating through time (demographic heterogeneity). Proximity to the road had no effect on nesting success beyond its indirect effects on breeder experience and group size. Because the mortality of 30to 90-day-old fledglings was significantly higher on road territories than on nonroad territories, however, breeder mortality greatly exceeded production of yearlings on road territories. Roadside territories therefore are sinks that can maintain populations of Florida Scrub-Jays only via immigration. Because Florida Scrub-Jays do not avoid roadside habitats and may even be attracted to them, road mortality presents a difficult challenge for the management and conservation of this threatened and declining species. Vida y Muerte en la Carretera: Consecuencias Demográficas de Mortalidad Asociada a la Carretera en la Urraca Azuleja de florida Resumen: Examinamos las consecuencias demográficas de la mortalidad causada por el tráfico automovilístico en la urraca azuleja de la florida ( Aphelocoma coerulescens ). A. coerulescens es una especie en peligro de extinción que exhibe cuidado cooperativo y cuya distribución está restringida al matorral de roble de la península de florida. Una población de urracas localizada a lo largo de una autopista en la Estación Biológica Archbold fue marcada y monitoreada para determinar su supervivencia y éxito reproductivo desde mayo 1986 hasta julio 1995. La tasa de mortalidad anual de adultos reproductivos con territorios en la carretera fue de 0.30 y significativamente mayor que el valor de 0.23 para aquellos adultos con territorios en zonas sin carreteras. La alta mortalidad en los territorios con carreteras parece ser un resultado directo del tráfico automovilístico y no una consecuencia de los cambios en el hábitat causados por la presencia de la carretera. La mortalidad fue especialmente alta en inmigrantes sin experiencia previa con territorios a lo largo de carreteras; estos exhibieron una tasa de mortalidad de 0.5 y 0.45 durante sus primeros dos años rePaper submitted July 17, 1998; revised manuscript accepted August 25, 1999. 502 Road Mortality in the Florida Scrub-Jay Mumme et al. Conservation Biology Volume 14, No. 2, April 2000 productivos. Del tercer año en adelante la tasa de mortalidad se redujo a 0.29, lo cual no fue significativamente diferente de la tasa de mortalidad de aves en territorios sin carreteras. Esta reducción en la mortalidad es dependiente de la experiencia y puede ser causada por el aprendizaje de la evasión del tráfico por las urracas sobrevivientes o por una mortalidad selectiva a través del tiempo (heterogeneidad demográfica). La proximidad de la carretera no tuvo efecto en el éxito de anidación más allá de los efectos indirectos relacionados con la experiencia del reproductor y el tamaño del grupo. Sin embargo, debido a que las tasas de mortalidad para las crías de 30-90 días fueron significativamente más altas en los territorios en carreteras en comparación con los territorios sin ellas, la mortalidad de individuos reproductivos excedió en gran medida el reclutamiento de crías de un año en territorios en la carretera. Por ende, los territorios en carreteras son sumideros que pueden mantener poblaciones de urracas azulejas en florida solamente debido a la inmigración. Considerando que las urracas azules de la florida no evitan los hábitats a lo largo de las carreteras y más aún parecen ser atraídas por éstas, la mortalidad causada por el tráfico automovilístico constituye un reto difícil en el manejo y la conservación de esta especie reducida y en peligro de extinción.

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تاریخ انتشار 2000